首先想了解不銹鋼沖壓、彎曲和連續沖裁加工工藝,必須要知道以下幾點:
a. 極限拉深比--拉深加工時,相對于容器直徑d可能拉深的最大原料板直徑為Dmax時,Dmax/d則稱為極限拉深比(LDR).
b. 平(ping)均r值--塑性(xing)(xing)為異向性(xing)(xing)的材料深(shen)拉深(shen)成形(xing)特性(xing)(xing)評價(jia)的重要指標。鐵素體(ti)系列(lie)不銹鋼中,其(qi)平(ping)均r值越大(da),其(qi)極限拉深(shen)比就越高。
c. 拉深皺(zhou)折-鐵素體系列(lie)不銹鋼在沖(chong)床上進(jin)行深拉深加工時(shi),在其表面上容(rong)易產(chan)生(sheng)凹凸不平(ping)的皺(zhou)折。可認為是組合結構(gou)不同而引起的塑性(xing)異向(xiang)性(xing)。
d. 時效性斷裂(lie)-奧(ao)氏體系(xi)(xi)列(lie)不銹鋼SUS304等準(zhun)穩(wen)定型奧(ao)氏體系(xi)(xi)列(lie)不銹鋼,在加工后有發生時效性裂(lie)紋的現象。它與晶界晶粒(li)無關。一般(ban)認為是由(you)于加工感(gan)應而引(yin)起(qi)的馬氏體、氫和殘余(yu)應力(li)所致(zhi)。
1. 沖壓加工
沖(chong)(chong)壓加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行業(ye)是(shi)家(jia)庭(ting)式作(zuo)坊工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表性產(chan)(chan)業(ye),多是(shi)從單獨(du)一個一個地加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)西餐(can)(can)具(ju)、器皿等所謂的(de)(de)(de)“洋(yang)人筷子”等開始,發展(zhan)到餐(can)(can)飲業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)廚(chu)房(fang)用(yong)(yong)具(ju)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)廚(chu)房(fang)中所使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)水槽、洗滌盆、深(shen)(shen)拉(la)(la)深(shen)(shen)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)澡盆以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)汽(qi)車(che)、電機領域(yu)中的(de)(de)(de)零部(bu)件等。主要(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝方法是(shi)采用(yong)(yong)剪(jian)切、沖(chong)(chong)孔、拉(la)(la)深(shen)(shen)等進行連續加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。洋(yang)餐(can)(can)具(ju)、器皿和(he)鍋(guo)的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)壓加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),基(ji)本上是(shi)屬于(yu)圓筒(tong)拉(la)(la)深(shen)(shen)制成。原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)板(ban)直徑D對容器(產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin))直徑d之比(bi),D/d稱為(wei)拉(la)(la)深(shen)(shen)比(bi)。以(yi)(yi)可能拉(la)(la)深(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)板(ban)直徑為(wei)Dmax時,則Dmax/d稱為(wei)極限拉(la)(la)深(shen)(shen)比(bi)(LDR: Limiting Drawing Ratio)作(zuo)為(wei)衡(heng)量(liang)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)標。不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)得以(yi)(yi)大幅度的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)需(xu)求與沖(chong)(chong)壓加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)有很大關系。不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廠家(jia)在深(shen)(shen)拉(la)(la)深(shen)(shen)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等方面,由于(yu)塑性加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)進展(zhan)。使(shi)得鐵(tie)素(su)體系列不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼高加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性鋼種,已經產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)化了(le)。可以(yi)(yi)選定平均(jun)r值在1.2~1.8,LDR為(wei)2.2~2.5的(de)(de)(de)鋼種。
在不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)制品的(de)(de)沖(chong)壓加工(gong)中,如果使用奧氏體(ti)系列不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)或鐵(tie)素體(ti)系列不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)高加工(gong)性(xing)能鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)種(zhong)(zhong)時,可以進行(xing)(xing)一定程度(du)的(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)拉深(shen)(shen)加工(gong)。奧氏體(ti)系列不(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)代表型鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)種(zhong)(zhong) SUS 304(18Cr -18Ni),因為它(ta)的(de)(de)LDR為2.5,可以進行(xing)(xing)相對較大(da)的(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)拉深(shen)(shen)加工(gong)。
但由(you)于加(jia)工硬化傾向大而(er)急劇地增(zeng)加(jia)了加(jia)工難(nan)度,有(you)時(shi)(shi)竟發生(sheng)裂紋或斷裂。為此,沖壓廠(chang)家就在中間加(jia)上(shang)一(yi)道(dao)熱(re)處理工序之后再進(jin)行深拉(la)深加(jia)工。還必須(xu)注意,奧氏體(ti)系列(lie)不(bu)銹鋼的(de)奧氏體(ti)穩(wen)定度低的(de)鋼種經(jing)過拉(la)深后,有(you)可(ke)能發生(sheng)時(shi)(shi)效斷裂現象。
近(jin)年來,新潟縣燕市的沖壓加工(gong)廠和新鴻縣工(gong)業(ye)技(ji)術中心共(gong)同開發不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)熱沖壓技(ji)術,實現(xian)了超深(shen)拉深(shen)加工(gong)。熱沖壓技(ji)術就是(shi)將(jiang)凹(ao)模或者凸模其(qi)(qi)中之一進行(xing)加熱,這樣不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)原(yuan)來的拉深(shen)程度就可(ke)以提高1.5~2.0倍。熱沖壓加工(gong)設備(bei)的工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)如圖(tu)6-9所示。其(qi)(qi)加工(gong)特性如圖(tu)6-10所示。
2. 彎曲與連(lian)續沖裁
奧氏(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)列(lie)(lie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹鋼(gang)進行彎(wan)曲(qu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)是件(jian)簡單(dan)之事(shi),可以制作角鋼(gang)、槽鋼(gang)等型(xing)材使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。鐵素(su)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)列(lie)(lie),馬(ma)氏(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)列(lie)(lie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹鋼(gang)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)型(xing)材加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong),一般情況(kuang)下沒有問題(ti),但(dan)當彎(wan)曲(qu)半(ban)徑R小的(de)(de)(de)時候,在折彎(wan)處(chu)有時會發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)斷(duan)裂。在JIS標(biao)準(zhun)中,對鐵素(su)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、馬(ma)氏(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)列(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹鋼(gang)彎(wan)曲(qu)試(shi)驗標(biao)準(zhun)規定,彎(wan)曲(qu)半(ban)徑R為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.0t(t為(wei)(wei)(wei)板材厚度)不(bu)(bu)(bu)應發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)彎(wan)曲(qu)斷(duan)裂。還有,必須(xu)注(zhu)意不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹鋼(gang)彎(wan)曲(qu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)回彈量大的(de)(de)(de)特點。落(luo)料(liao)(liao)(俗稱(cheng)下料(liao)(liao))或(huo)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)沖(chong)裁(cai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong),大多數(shu)是采用(yong)(yong)沖(chong)床(chuang)連續加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi),有時在沖(chong)切斷(duan)面(mian)上,發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)塌(ta)(ta)邊現(xian)象(即沖(chong)切面(mian)與基準(zhun)平面(mian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)垂(chui)直)。精密(mi)落(luo)料(liao)(liao)是從變壓(ya)器等使(shi)用(yong)(yong)疊層的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁鋼(gang)板的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術開展起來的(de)(de)(de)技術,對粒子(zi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)速器的(de)(de)(de)套環(collar)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)零部件(jian)中的(de)(de)(de)引線(xian)框(lead frame)等等,從較厚的(de)(de)(de)板材到超薄(bo)材,精密(mi)落(luo)料(liao)(liao)得(de)到廣(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)。沖(chong)壓(ya)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)械亦可以進行精密(mi)沖(chong)壓(ya)(落(luo)料(liao)(liao))加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong),但(dan)由(you)于沖(chong)壓(ya)塌(ta)(ta)邊的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti),一般不(bu)(bu)(bu)能作為(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)品直接使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。在精密(mi)沖(chong)壓(ya)中,為(wei)(wei)(wei)控制塌(ta)(ta)邊,就(jiu)需加(jia)(jia)(jia)一道機(ji)械控制的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝措施,這(zhe)需要按產品用(yong)(yong)途以及成(cheng)本兩方(fang)面(mian)來權(quan)衡。在加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法競爭上,還有一種“蝕刻(ke)”方(fang)法,在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品的(de)(de)(de)接線(xian)框等超薄(bo)產品中,在加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠家的(de)(de)(de)技術競爭中,兩者幾乎各(ge)占一半(ban)。
3. 加工油、表面保護(hu)薄膜和(he)其(qi)他潤滑(hua)
a. 表面(mian)保護薄膜-為了保持不(bu)銹鋼的匠藝性、防止產生(sheng)瑕疵以及作為潤滑而敷于材(cai)料表面(mian)的聚(ju)氯乙烯或聚(ju)乙烯等薄膜。
b. 揮(hui)發性加(jia)工(gong)(gong)油--加(jia)工(gong)(gong)時有潤滑效(xiao)果而(er)后又能(neng)揮(hui)發掉的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)油。使用(yong)完全揮(hui)發型的(de),可(ke)以省掉清(qing)洗工(gong)(gong)序。
c. 潤滑不銹鋼板-具有透明石蠟涂裝的不銹鋼,它比加工油或表(biao)面保護膜有更好的加工性。
在(zai)沖床上進(jin)(jin)行(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)板彎曲、沖裁(落料)等加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi),可使用(yong)(yong)(yong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)油、表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)薄(bo)膜(mo)(mo)或(huo)直(zhi)接(jie)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)潤滑鋼(gang)板。在(zai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)6-1中,對加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)油、表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)薄(bo)膜(mo)(mo)和潤滑鋼(gang)板進(jin)(jin)行(xing)比較(jiao)。表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)薄(bo)膜(mo)(mo)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持匠藝(yi)性(xing)的一項(xiang)重要(yao)(yao)措施(shi)。所用(yong)(yong)(yong)樹(shu)脂為聚氯乙烯(xi)系列(lie)或(huo)聚乙烯(xi)系列(lie)。材料運(yun)轉自始至終都是用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)薄(bo)膜(mo)(mo)對材料表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)施(shi)行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。使用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)薄(bo)膜(mo)(mo),最容易發生的問題就(jiu)是殘留(liu)糊狀(zhuang)物(wu),貼(tie)附后長期保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)存在(zai)倉庫(ku)內的或(huo)者是不(bu)(bu)(bu)具備耐(nai)候性(xing)能的薄(bo)膜(mo)(mo)放置(zhi)在(zai)室外的,則(ze)容易發生損壞。表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)薄(bo)膜(mo)(mo)要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據用(yong)(yong)(yong)途和加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法選定。主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)廠家生產(chan)的表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)薄(bo)膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)能及其(qi)有關事項(xiang)如表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)6-2所示。不(bu)(bu)(bu)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)薄(bo)膜(mo)(mo)時(shi),一般情況下要(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)油。當使用(yong)(yong)(yong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)油加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)后,需進(jin)(jin)行(xing)洗(xi)凈(jing)。洗(xi)凈(jing)的方法有多種,最近在(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地球環境問題當中,規定了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)環境條例,對于破壞臭氧(yang)層的清洗(xi)劑做出(chu)了(le)限制。
因此(ci),當使(shi)用加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)時(shi),要(yao)考慮(lv)到(dao)洗(xi)凈和存放(fang)問題。在(zai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)選(xuan)定方面,從前(qian)認為(wei)由(you)于(yu)不(bu)銹鋼硬度(du)比(bi)普(pu)通(tong)鋼要(yao)高,加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)銹鋼比(bi)普(pu)通(tong)鋼困難(nan),所以(yi)要(yao)選(xuan)用有(you)(you)黏性(xing)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)。具有(you)(you)黏性(xing)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)往往是黏糊糊的(de)(de),在(zai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中不(bu)但變黑而且難(nan)以(yi)清洗(xi)。另外,其中多(duo)(duo)數情況下加(jia)(jia)入氯(lv)系列添加(jia)(jia)劑。因此(ci),更(geng)有(you)(you)必(bi)要(yao)進行充分(fen)地清洗(xi)。近年來,開發(fa)了許(xu)多(duo)(duo)水溶性(xing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you),在(zai)深拉深等加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中,其潤滑性(xing)堪(kan)比(bi)原用油(you)(you)性(xing)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)。水溶性(xing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)比(bi)較容易清洗(xi),應用效(xiao)果很好(hao)。作為(wei)新技術,雖然加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)條件受到(dao)某種程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)限制,免清洗(xi)的(de)(de)揮發(fa)型加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)仍得到(dao)推廣。
在揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)性(xing)加(jia)工(gong)油中(zhong),有完(wan)全(quan)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)型(xing)(xing)和部分殘留(liu)型(xing)(xing)等(deng)產品。需根據加(jia)工(gong)條件選擇,使(shi)用完(wan)全(quan)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)型(xing)(xing)的可以省掉加(jia)工(gong)后的清(qing)洗(xi)。在家電生產廠中(zhong),沖(chong)制全(quan)自動(dong)洗(xi)衣(yi)機不銹鋼洗(xi)衣(yi)桶時就是采用完(wan)全(quan)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)型(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)油。在其他領域(yu)中(zhong),完(wan)全(quan)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)型(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)油已實際運用到沖(chong)孔、內緣翻(fan)邊、壓制筋板、彎(wan)曲和卷(juan)邊等(deng)沖(chong)壓工(gong)藝中(zhong)。
由于(yu)使用(yong)揮(hui)(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)油(you)可以省(sheng)掉清洗(xi)工(gong)序,在流水加(jia)(jia)工(gong)作業線上使用(yong),可以降(jiang)低(di)成本(ben)。主要生(sheng)產(chan)廠家的揮(hui)(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)油(you)產(chan)品如表(biao)6-3所示。如將揮(hui)(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)油(you)的涂(tu)敷方式和加(jia)(jia)工(gong)條件進(jin)行改進(jin)時,即可以完(wan)全(quan)省(sheng)掉清洗(xi)工(gong)作。但是,揮(hui)(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)油(you)涂(tu)敷方式、加(jia)(jia)工(gong)條件及加(jia)(jia)工(gong)夾具(ju)的質量管(guan)理不善時,由于(yu)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)夾具(ju)的磨損等(deng)可能產(chan)生(sheng)對不銹(xiu)鋼的鐵粉銹(xiu)蝕事故。關于(yu)鐵粉銹(xiu)蝕檢(jian)查方法,可參照本(ben)書后部章節中(zhong)的“使用(yong)時注意(yi)重占日惠執處理”由的說明。
先前在(zai)沖壓加工(gong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)使用加工(gong)油。為(wei)了洗(xi)凈這些加工(gong)油而使用了破壞臭(chou)氧(yang)層的(de)三氯乙烷,三氯乙烯等(deng)。后(hou)來,洗(xi)凈方(fang)法改(gai)為(wei)堿性洗(xi)凈方(fang)法。在(zai)1995年,考慮(lv)到保護(hu)地(di)球環(huan)境問題,開發了潤(run)(run)滑不銹鋼(gang)(gang)板。在(zai)汽車(che)、電機、燃氣(qi)器具領(ling)域中(zhong)(zhong),積(ji)極(ji)推廣了省(sheng)掉(diao)清洗(xi)工(gong)序(xu)的(de)潤(run)(run)滑不銹鋼(gang)(gang)板。特別是在(zai)汽車(che)領(ling)域中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)排氣(qi)分支(zhi)管的(de)不銹鋼(gang)(gang)化過程中(zhong)(zhong),實(shi)踐(jian)證明,加工(gong)這種(zhong)形狀復雜的(de)工(gong)件(jian),認為(wei)潤(run)(run)滑不銹鋼(gang)(gang)板比以(yi)前使用潤(run)(run)滑油的(de)加工(gong)性更優越。所以(yi),潤(run)(run)滑不銹鋼(gang)(gang)板的(de)需要(yao)量(liang)大幅度增加。
潤滑(hua)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban),根(gen)據用(yong)途亦有不(bu)涂薄膜(mo)(mo)的(de)。非脫(tuo)(tuo)膜(mo)(mo)型(xing)和脫(tuo)(tuo)膜(mo)(mo)型(xing)兩(liang)類(lei)已(yi)經(jing)產品化了(le)。潤滑(hua)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)種類(lei)和特(te)性如表6-4所示。在建筑(zhu)材料領(ling)域中(zhong),使用(yong)潤滑(hua)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)做(zuo)屋頂時,非脫(tuo)(tuo)膜(mo)(mo)型(xing)和脫(tuo)(tuo)膜(mo)(mo)型(xing)一樣,其薄膜(mo)(mo)經(jing)過(guo)1~2年的(de)紫外(wai)線照射就消失了(le)。作為(wei)工程實例(li),用(yong)于西武百貨大樓和福(fu)岡機場(chang)候機大廳。實踐證明,潤滑(hua)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)的(de)加(jia)工性比加(jia)工油還要優越(yue),見表6-5。
不銹(xiu)鋼板(ban)生產廠家(jia)的(de)潤滑不銹(xiu)鋼板(ban)產品(pin),在(zai)透明涂裝不銹(xiu)鋼項目中有介紹(shao)。