金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對(dui)研制(zhi)和發展新(xin)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料、改進材(cai)料質(zhi)量、限度(du)發揮材(cai)料潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)適當(dang)的許(xu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)、分析金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)障、確(que)(que)保金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)設計(ji)合理以及使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)維(wei)護(hu)的安可靠(kao)(kao)，都是(shi)(shi)必不(bu)可少(shao)的手段(見金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的表(biao)征)。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的基本任(ren)務是(shi)(shi)正確(que)(que)地選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器(qi)、裝備和試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)(que)定合理的金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)，并準(zhun)確(que)(que)而盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)這種(zhong)判據(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)和條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為了確(que)(que)切表(biao)征金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料在(zai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(服役)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)所表(biao)現的行(xing)為,力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)盡量接近(jin)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)工作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普通(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進行(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近(jin)年來又(you)發展出(chu)模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)模(mo)型，或(huo)甚(shen)至使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)真實(shi)(shi)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在(zai)模(mo)擬機件(jian)(jian)(jian)真實(shi)(shi)工作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)進行(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通(tong)過這種(zhong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所得到的力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更真實(shi)(shi)反映(ying)工作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有重大(da)的工程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)意(yi)義。但是(shi)(shi)，模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺乏普遍(bian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)受(shou)到限制(zhi)。然而根據(ju)具(ju)體情況(kuang)，進行(xing)部分模(mo)擬服役條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)十分必要的。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺(chi)寸(cun)和加工方(fang)法(fa)、加荷(he)速率(lv)、溫度(du)、介質(zhi)等，均影響金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果。只(zhi)有采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)相同的試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)標準(zhun)和測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程(cheng)，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保證金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果的可靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和可比性(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)(que)選(xuan)擇和執(zhi)行(xing)標準(zhun)，是(shi)(shi)確(que)(que)保金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量的要條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)是(shi)研究(jiu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)所表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為和(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。由于(yu)(yu)作用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式和(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))和(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所處環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表現出各種不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(如彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)強度等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)，通常用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)判據(ju)來表征，如抗(kang)拉(la)強度 、伸長率(lv)、沖(chong)擊(ji)韌(ren)(ren)度、疲勞(lao)限等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)役條件復(fu)雜(za)，因(yin)而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件也是(shi)復(fu)雜(za)而多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程需要考慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參數很多，常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫度 室溫、高(gao)(gao)溫、低(di)溫和(he)按(an)照(zhao)定規(gui)律變(bian)(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)伸、壓縮、彎曲、扭轉、剪(jian)切(qie)、復(fu)合(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按(an)定規(gui)律變(bian)(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)隨機(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian) 軸(zhou)向、徑向、表面、彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)； D 環境 空氣(qi)、真空、控(kong)制(zhi)氣(qi)氛、腐蝕(shi)(shi)介質、海水、水蒸氣(qi)、高(gao)(gao)壓、腐蝕(shi)(shi)、核輻照(zhao)、宇宙空間等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； E 加荷(he)速(su)(su)率(lv)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)率(lv))低(di)速(su)(su)、中(zhong)速(su)(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)、超(chao)低(di)速(su)(su)、超(chao)高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian))循(xun)環頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv) 低(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)、中(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)、高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)、超(chao)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)、超(chao)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； G 時間 瞬(shun)間、短(duan)時、長時、超(chao)短(duan)時、超(chao)長時； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸(cun)和(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲(si)狀(zhuang)、薄膜、環形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀(zhuang)、帶缺口、帶預制(zhi)裂(lie)紋或缺陷、模型、實物(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 根(gen)據(ju)上述參數，已(yi)形(xing)成下(xia)述主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)普通力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法:抗(kang)拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖(chong)擊(ji)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞(lao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強度和(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷(duan)裂(lie)韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)工藝(yi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如杯(bei)突、擴(kuo)口、反復(fu)彎曲、鋼管壓扁、鋼絲(si)纏繞(rao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)門綜合(he)(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它與數學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物(wu)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以及(ji)無(wu)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)計(ji)算機(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、數字顯示技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)液伺服(fu)控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)測(ce)量(liang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、近(jin)代無(wu)損(sun)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、儀器(qi)儀表制(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)密(mi)切(qie)相關。60年(nian)代以來,由于(yu)(yu)這些域的(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)到金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去(qu)，使(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)度、能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)自動(dong)化程度顯著提高(gao)(gao)，基本上可實現力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參數的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)、測(ce)量(liang)和(he)記錄(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)化和(he)圖表化。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)正(zheng)向著無(wu)惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)化和(he)盤自動(dong)化(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)計(ji)算機(ji))的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向邁進(jin)。
