一、裝置(zhi)簡介(jie)

  醋(cu)酸(suan)是(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)有機化工(gong)(gong)(gong)原料(liao)之(zhi)一(yi)，廣(guang)泛用于合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)纖維、涂料(liao)、醫藥、農藥、食品(pin)(pin)添加劑、染(ran)織等工(gong)(gong)(gong)業，是(shi)國民經濟(ji)的(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)要組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)部分。醋(cu)酸(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)方法(fa)有乙醛氧(yang)(yang)化法(fa)（乙醇和(he)乙烯法(fa)）、乙烷和(he)甲(jia)(jia)烷氧(yang)(yang)化法(fa)以及(ji)甲(jia)(jia)醇羰基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)等。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝不(bu)同(tong)，操作條件及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝介質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)和(he)腐(fu)蝕(shi)性(xing)也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)，對設備和(he)管(guan)道(dao)材料(liao)的(de)要求也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)。甲(jia)(jia)醇低壓羰基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)酸(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝流程簡單，產能(neng)大，產品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)高，是(shi)目前(qian)最(zui)先進的(de)醋(cu)酸(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，也(ye)是(shi)國內外醋(cu)酸(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)主(zhu)流工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝。羰基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)酸(suan)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝介質(zhi)(zhi)腐(fu)蝕(shi)性(xing)強，對設備管(guan)道(dao)材料(liao)有特殊的(de)要求。

二、典(dian)型(xing)羰基合成醋酸工藝流(liu)程

  甲(jia)醇低壓(ya)羰基合成醋酸(suan)技術由美(mei)國Monsanto公司實現工業化，其工藝流程示意圖如圖2.36所(suo)示。

  甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)低壓(ya)羰基合成醋酸(suan)(suan)生(sheng)產工藝大致(zhi)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)、精制、輕(qing)組分(fen)(fen)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)、催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)制備與再(zai)生(sheng)等(deng)工序(xu)。甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)由(you)甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)中間儲槽(cao)(cao)經甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)加料泵送(song)(song)(song)至甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)加熱器(qi)進(jin)入(ru)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)(fu)。精制一(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)碳以(yi)一(yi)(yi)定壓(ya)力及一(yi)(yi)定流量(liang)由(you)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)(fu)底部(bu)進(jin)入(ru)釜(fu)(fu)內分(fen)(fen)配(pei)管。在(zai)攪拌(ban)器(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)下，CO在(zai)溶液(ye)中擴散溶解。在(zai)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)、碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan)促進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)及碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)氫的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下，CO與甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)在(zai)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)(fu)內生(sheng)成醋酸(suan)(suan)。經反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)(fu)冷凝(ning)器(qi)冷卻后進(jin)人冷凝(ning)液(ye)分(fen)(fen)離器(qi)。含有大量(liang)碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan)、醋酸(suan)(suan)、醋酸(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)的(de)(de)冷凝(ning)液(ye)送(song)(song)(song)回(hui)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)(fu)，冷卻后的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)進(jin)人高壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，用(yong)貧(pin)液(ye)（醋酸(suan)(suan)）吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)中的(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan)，吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)了碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan)的(de)(de)富(fu)液(ye)從高壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)底部(bu)排出進(jin)入(ru)再(zai)生(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)進(jin)行(xing)再(zai)生(sheng)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)后的(de)(de)尾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)去火炬系統(tong)。反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)(fu)內生(sheng)成的(de)(de)醋酸(suan)(suan)及反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)液(ye)在(zai)閃蒸(zheng)罐內閃蒸(zheng)后形成氣(qi)(qi)(qi)液(ye)兩相。液(ye)體(ti)經催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)循環泵送(song)(song)(song)回(hui)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)(fu)。含有醋酸(suan)(suan)、碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan)、碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)氫、水及醋酸(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)組分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相去初分(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)進(jin)行(xing)提純。來自閃蒸(zheng)罐氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相物料中的(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)氫以(yi)及夾帶的(de)(de)少量(liang)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)，在(zai)初分(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)底部(bu)靠位差返回(hui)閃蒸(zheng)罐。初分(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)蒸(zheng)餾得到(dao)的(de)(de)粗醋酸(suan)(suan)由(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)側(ce)中部(bu)取(qu)出，送(song)(song)(song)至脫(tuo)水塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。脫(tuo)水塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相與初分(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相一(yi)(yi)道送(song)(song)(song)至低壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan)后尾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)去火炬系統(tong)，液(ye)體(ti)送(song)(song)(song)再(zai)生(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，成品醋酸(suan)(suan)由(you)成品塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)側(ce)部(bu)取(qu)出，冷卻后送(song)(song)(song)成品中間儲槽(cao)(cao)。含丙(bing)酸(suan)(suan)以(yi)及金屬(shu)碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)物的(de)(de)高沸(fei)點的(de)(de)溶液(ye)由(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)底部(bu)送(song)(song)(song)往汽提塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)系統(tong)，以(yi)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)醋酸(suan)(suan)，塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)底重(zhong)組分(fen)(fen)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步處理回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)。再(zai)生(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)再(zai)生(sheng)后的(de)(de)貧(pin)液(ye)用(yong)循環水冷卻后，一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)送(song)(song)(song)往高壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)作(zuo)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)(ji)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)送(song)(song)(song)往低壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)作(zuo)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)(ji)，循環使(shi)用(yong)。

三、醋酸裝置的配管設(she)計

  主要(yao)是對塔、罐、泵、反應器(qi)等設(she)備的配管設(she)計。