一、爆破(po)片概述(shu)

  爆(bao)破片(pian)的作用是在(zai)設備(bei)或(huo)(huo)管(guan)(guan)道壓力突然升高(gao)尚未引起爆(bao)炸前，由于爆(bao)破片(pian)兩側壓力差達(da)到預定溫(wen)度下的預定值時，即(ji)先行破裂，排出設備(bei)或(huo)(huo)管(guan)(guan)道內(nei)的高(gao)壓介(jie)質。因此爆(bao)破片(pian)是防止設備(bei)或(huo)(huo)管(guan)(guan)道破裂的一種安(an)(an)全泄放裝置(zhi)。爆(bao)破片(pian)安(an)(an)全裝置(zhi)具有結構簡(jian)單、靈(ling)敏(min)、準確、無泄漏、泄放能力強等優點。能夠在(zai)黏稠、高(gao)溫(wen)、低(di)溫(wen)、腐蝕的環境(jing)下可靠(kao)地工作，還是超(chao)高(gao)壓容器的理想安(an)(an)全裝置(zhi)。

 爆破片典型圖(tu)見圖(tu)6.3.24。

二(er)、爆(bao)破片的(de)分(fen)類(lei)

  按照結構型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式來分(fen)類(lei)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)三種，即(ji)平板型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、正拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。平板型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)綜合(he)性能(neng)較差(cha)，主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)超低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)工況，尤其是大型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)料倉。正拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)場合(he)較多。對于(yu)傳統的(de)(de)正拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，其工作原理是利(li)用(yong)(yong)材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)拉伸強度(du)來控制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出方向(xiang)與壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)作用(yong)(yong)方向(xiang)一致。在使用(yong)(yong)中發現(xian)，所有(you)的(de)(de)正拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)都存在相同的(de)(de)局(ju)限：爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)碎片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)會進入泄放管道；由于(yu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)中心厚度(du)被有(you)意減(jian)弱，易于(yu)因疲勞(lao)(lao)而提前爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)；操(cao)作壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)不能(neng)超過(guo)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)最小爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)65％，由此導致了反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)出現(xian)。這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)利(li)用(yong)(yong)材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強度(du)來控制其爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)，較之傳統的(de)(de)正拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，其具有(you)抗疲勞(lao)(lao)性能(neng)優良(liang)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)不產(chan)生碎片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)且操(cao)作壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)可(ke)達其最小爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)90％以上的(de)(de)優點。細分(fen)之下，反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)包括反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刻槽型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)腭齒型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以及反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刀架型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等。

三、爆破片的(de)特點

爆破片與安全(quan)閥比較，具有結(jie)構簡單、靈(ling)敏(min)、可(ke)靠、經濟、無泄漏、適用性(xing)強等優越性(xing)，但也有其局限(xian)性(xing)，其特點如(ru)下：

（1）密封性(xing)能(neng)好(hao)，在設備正常工(gong)作壓力(li)下能(neng)保(bao)持嚴密不漏(lou)。

（2）泄壓反應迅速，爆破片的動作(zuo)一般在2～10ms內完成，而安全閥則因為機(ji)械滯后作(zuo)用(yong)，全部動作(zuo)時間要(yao)高1～2個數量級(ji)。

（3）對黏稠性或粉末狀(zhuang)污(wu)物不敏(min)感。即使氣體中(zhong)含有一定量的污(wu)物也不致影響它的正常動作，不像安全閥那樣(yang)，容易黏結或堵塞。

（4）爆破元件（膜(mo)片）動作后不能復位(wei)，不但設(she)備內介質全部流(liu)失，設(she)備也得中止運(yun)行(xing)。

（5）動作壓力不太(tai)穩定(ding)，爆破片的(de)爆破壓力允許(xu)偏差一般都(dou)比安全(quan)閥的(de)穩定(ding)壓力允許(xu)偏差大一些。

（6）爆破片的(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命較短，常因疲勞而早期失效(xiao)。

四(si)、爆破片的適用場(chang)所

（1）獨(du)立的(de)壓(ya)力容(rong)器和／或壓(ya)力管(guan)道系統設有安全閥、爆破片裝置或這二者的(de)組合裝置。

（2）滿足下列情況(kuang)之一應優先選(xuan)用爆(bao)破片：

   ①. 壓力(li)有可能迅速上升的(de)；

   ②. 泄放(fang)介質(zhi)含有顆粒、易(yi)沉淀、易(yi)結晶、易(yi)聚合和(he)介質(zhi)黏度(du)較大(da)；

   ③. 泄放介(jie)質有強腐蝕性，使用安全閥時其價值(zhi)很(hen)高；

   ④. 工藝介(jie)質十分(fen)昂貴(gui)或(huo)有劇(ju)毒，在工作(zuo)過程中不(bu)允許有任何泄漏，應與安全(quan)閥(fa)串聯(lian)使用；

   ⑤. 工作壓力很低或很高時，選用安(an)全閥則其制造比較困難；

   ⑥. 當使用溫度較(jiao)低(di)而影響安全閥工(gong)作特性時；

   ⑦. 需要較大泄放面積。

（3）對于一次性使用的管(guan)(guan)路系(xi)(xi)統(tong)（如開車吹掃的管(guan)(guan)路放空(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)），爆破(po)片的破(po)裂不影響操(cao)作和生產的場合，設置(zhi)爆破(po)片。

（4）為(wei)減少爆破(po)片破(po)裂(lie)后的工(gong)藝介質的損失，可與安全閥串(chuan)聯使用。

（5）作為壓力(li)容(rong)器的(de)附(fu)加安全設(she)施，可與(yu)安全閥并聯(lian)使(shi)用，例如爆破片僅用于火災情況下的(de)超壓泄放。

（6）為增加異常(chang)工況（如火災等）下的泄放(fang)面積，爆破片可并聯使用。

（7）爆破片不適用于經常超壓和溫度波動很(hen)大的場合。

五、爆破片選用程序

（1）確定(ding)被保(bao)護設備或壓力管(guan)道系統是否(fou)需要設置爆(bao)破(po)片(pian)。

（2）根(gen)據工藝介(jie)質和(he)操(cao)作條件確定爆破片的形式及材料。

（3）根(gen)據被保護管道系統的(de)最高(gao)壓力(li)及(ji)選用的(de)爆破片(pian)形(xing)式，按標(biao)準規范確定爆破片(pian)的(de)最小標(biao)定爆破壓力(li)，設(she)計爆破壓力(li)。

（4）根據工藝條件、物理參(can)數計算爆破片的安全(quan)泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)量(liang)，選定爆破片的泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)面(mian)積和泄(xie)放(fang)(fang)口徑。

（5）填寫爆破片裝置規(gui)格(ge)書，提供給材料采購專業，作為(wei)訂(ding)貨(huo)的技(ji)術條件(jian)。

六、爆破片(pian)有關標準規范(fan)

  HG/T 20570.3《工藝系統工程設計技術規定--爆破(po)片的設置和選用(yong)》

  GB 567《爆破片與爆破片裝(zhuang)置(zhi)》

  GB 12353《拱型(xing)金屬爆破片裝置(zhi)分類與安裝尺寸》

  GB/T 14566《正拱形(xing)金(jin)屬(shu)爆破片型式與參數(shu)》

  GB/T 14567《反拱形(xing)金屬爆破片型式與參(can)數》

  GB/T 14568《開縫形金屬爆破片型式(shi)與參數》

  GB/T 16181《爆破片裝置夾持器(qi)型式和外形尺(chi)寸(cun)》

七、安全閥與爆破片(pian)性能(neng)比較

  安(an)全閥與爆破片性(xing)能比較(jiao)見(jian)表6.3.13。